Probing the Namib desert for hidden minerals

In this piece, Lukas Shiimi, shares his experiences about exploring the Namib Naukflut Park searching for the riches buried under the hot sands.

Lukas Shiimi is a professional geologist with experience in Namibian uranium ore deposits and oil and gas, such as sequence and seismic stratigraphy and sedimentology of carbonate systems, basin analysis, with a focus on the geodynamics of basin formation, petroleum system evaluation and numerical forward modelling, especially stratigraphic forward modelling and conducting geological database administration duties.

Namibia is home to various biological resources that are important on a global scale. The core sectors of production that generate most of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) heavily rely on ecologically sound functioning ecosystems and responsible management of natural resources.

Significant overlaps exist between Namibia’s locations for endangered species, important biodiversity hotspots, and mineral resources. Exploration and mining activities can have disastrous effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. The loss of significant endemic plant and animal species can weaken ecosystems and diminish tourism potential.

These losses can be caused by landscape alteration, soil and water contamination, and the destruction of crucial habitats. The mineral wealth of Namibia suggests that mining and the environment will continue to interact, necessitating cooperation to advance prosperity sustainably.

According to Namibia’s Minerals Policy, the government will make sure that the growth of the country’s mining industry is compatible with the environment and takes human health and safety into account. The Policy makes a solid promise that the government will make sure that mining and exploration within protected areas comply with the legal framework for both the environment and the economy.

The Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act of 1992 governs mineral exploration and mining activities in Namibia and authorizes the issuance of non-exclusive prospecting permits, mining claims, exclusive reconnaissance permits, exclusive prospecting permits, mineral deposit retention permits, and mining licenses. The Act mandates that EIAs be conducted for all exploration and mining projects to safeguard the environment.

The Environmental Management Act (7 of 2007) specifies a set of environmental standards that both public and private sector organizations must adhere to when engaging in new development activities, and it also mandates the completion of EIAs. According to the Mineral Policy, the government will ensure that mining and exploration within protected areas comply with all applicable environmental and financial regulations.

Exploration drilling in the desert can be challenging due to the extreme environmental conditions, including high temperature, aridity and rugged terrain. Special precautions are often taken to ensure the safety of workers and minimize the impact on the fragile desert ecosystem.

Working in high-temperature environments like deserts can significantly challenge human health and safety.

1. Heat exhaustion and heatstroke: High temperatures can lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke. To minimize these risks, staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water, taking regular breaks in shaded or air-conditioned areas, and wearing lightweight, breathable clothing that provides adequate sun protection is crucial. Cooling devices like fans or vests can also help manage body temperature.
2. Dehydration: The arid conditions in the desert can cause rapid dehydration. It’s essential to drink water regularly, even if you don’t feel thirsty, and avoid or limit beverages that can dehydrate you, such as caffeine or alcohol. Electrolyte-replenishing drinks can be beneficial for maintaining proper hydration.
3. Sunburn and skin damage: Intense sun exposure in the desert increases the risk of sunburn and long-term skin damage. Protect yourself by wearing sunscreen with a high sun protection factor (SPF), a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and lightweight, long-sleeved clothing.
4. Respiratory issues: Dust and dry air in desert environments can exacerbate respiratory conditions such as allergies and asthma. Wearing a face mask or respirator, if necessary, can help reduce the inhalation of dust and particles.
5. Time and task management: Plan work schedules to minimize exposure during the hottest parts of the day, if possible. Organize tasks to allow for frequent rest breaks and assign more physically demanding work during cooler periods.
6. Emergency preparedness: Ensure a well-defined emergency response plan, including procedures for promptly identifying and addressing heat-related illnesses.

Driving in rugged terrain in the desert requires careful consideration and preparation to ensure safety. Here are some tips for navigating the desert’s rugged terrain:

1. Use a suitable vehicle: Choose a vehicle designed for off-road driving capable of handling the challenges of rugged desert terrain. Four-wheel drive (4WD) or all-wheel drive (AWD) vehicles with high ground clearance are preferred.
2. Perform vehicle maintenance: Ensure your vehicle is in good condition before starting your desert journey. Check the tires, brakes, engine, and suspension system. Carry spare tires, tools, and necessary equipment for any emergency repairs.
3. Plan your route: Study the area and plan your route. Obtain accurate maps and navigational aids. Be aware of any specific challenges or hazards that you might encounter, such as soft sand, rocky terrain, or steep slopes.
4. Communicate and inform: Let others know about your travel plans. Share your itinerary, estimated arrival time, and expected return time with your colleagues. This way, they can raise the alarm if you don’t return as scheduled.
5. Carry essential supplies: Pack enough water, food, and emergency supplies to sustain yourself and your passengers in unforeseen circumstances or delays. Extra fuel, a first aid kit, a fire extinguisher, a shovel, a tow rope, and a satellite phone or emergency communication device are essential.
6. Drive cautiously: Drive at a safe and controlled speed suitable for the terrain. Avoid sudden movements, harsh braking, and acceleration. Maintain a safe distance from other vehicles and obstacles.
7. Observe the terrain: Watch for changes in the landscape, such as dunes, rocks, or steep inclines. Adjust your driving technique accordingly. Engage the appropriate driving mode (4WD or low-range) when necessary.
8. Pay attention to weather conditions: Be aware of weather forecasts and any flash floods or sandstorm warnings. Seek shelter and avoid driving in severe weather conditions that make the terrain more challenging.
9. Respect the environment: Stay on designated trails and roads to minimize your impact on the fragile desert ecosystem. Avoid disturbing wildlife and vegetation.
10. Travel in a group, if possible: It’s generally safer to travel in a group when driving in rugged desert terrain. If any issues arise, having assistance readily available can be crucial.

Always prioritize safety, be prepared for the unexpected, and exercise caution while driving in rugged terrain in the desert.

Exploration activities in protected areas, such as Namib-Naukluft Park in Namibia, can have significant environmental impacts. Here are some of the potential environmental impacts associated with exploration in protected areas:

1. Habitat Destruction: Uncontrolled or inappropriate exploration activities can lead to habitat destruction within the protected areas. This includes clearing vegetation, altering natural landscapes, and disrupting fragile ecosystems. Such habitat destruction can have long-lasting effects on the biodiversity and ecological balance of the area. So it is very important to drive within the older tracks. If you are to start a new road, you must do so it doesn’t disturb the plants.
2. Soil Erosion: Exploration activities can cause soil erosion, especially in arid regions like Namib-Naukluft Park. Off-road driving, improper trail construction, and other exploratory practices can disturb the delicate desert soils, making them more vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. Soil erosion can degrade habitats, reduce soil fertility, and impair vegetation growth.
3. Disturbance of Wildlife: Exploration activities can negatively impact wildlife in protected areas. Noise, increased human presence, and habitat disruption can disturb and stress wildlife, affecting their behaviour, breeding patterns, and migration routes. In extreme cases, it can lead to the displacement or abandonment of certain species from their natural habitats.
4. Introduction of Invasive Species: Exploration activities involve moving vehicles, equipment, and people. If proper precautions are not taken, this can result in the unintentional introduction of invasive plant species or pests into the protected areas. Invasive species can outcompete native plants, disrupt natural ecosystems, and threaten the survival of indigenous species.
5. Water Pollution: Inadequate waste management practices during exploration can lead to water pollution. Contamination of water sources, such as rivers or groundwater, can occur through spills of fuels, chemicals, or improper disposal of waste materials. Water pollution can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and the availability of clean water for both humans and animals. Limited water resources often characterize deserts. Exploration activities in desert regions may increase the water demand, increasing stress on already scarce water supplies. Prioritizing water conservation and responsible water use practices is crucial to mitigate this impact.

To ensure the long-term sustainability and positive impacts of desert exploration, it is important to prioritize environmental conservation and engage in responsible and ethical exploration practices. Implementing strict regulations, guidelines, and monitoring systems is crucial to mitigate these environmental impacts. Responsible exploration practices that prioritize environmental conservation, adherence to park regulations, and sustainable resource management are essential for minimizing the negative effects on protected areas like Namib-Naukluft Park.

Research interests in sequence and seismic stratigraphy, carbonate ecosystems and cyclicity, siliciclastic delta clinoforms, sediment routing and sediment supply, and exploration.